Translated from the German.

Translation and new ed. of: Instrumentelle Analytik.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Preface to the German Edition XV Preface to the English Edition XIX Dedication XXI Foreword XXIII 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Analytical Chemistry -- The History 1 1.2 Analytical Chemistry and Its Role in Today's Society 2 2 Introduction to Quality Management 5 2.1 Historical Background 5 2.2 Variability 6 2.3 The Four Pillars of Wisdom (from Shewhart to Deming) 10 2.4 Zero-Defect Tolerance 10 2.5 Why Standards? 11 2.6 The Controlled Process 11 2.7 ISO Guidelines 9004 12 2.8 Quality Management System (QMS) Requirements 15 3 Fundamentals of Statistics 17 3.1 Basic Concepts 17 3.1.1 Population and Sample 19 3.1.2 Distribution of Values 20 3.2 Important Terms 22 3.2.1 Mean, Arithmetic Mean, Average (x) 22 3.2.2 Standard Deviation (sigma, s) 22 3.2.3 Variance (Var,V) 23 3.2.4 Standard Deviation of Mean Values (S) 24 3.2.5 Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) and Coefficient of Variation (CV) 24 3.2.6 Confi dence Interval (CI), Confi dence Limits 25 3.3 Quality of Results (Accuracy and Precision) 25 3.3.1 Measurement Deviations 28 3.3.2 Random Deviations -- Influence on Precision 30 3.3.2.1 Precision 30 3.3.2.2 Determination of Random Deviations 30 3.3.2.3 Causes of Random Deviations 31 3.3.3 Systematic Deviations -- Influence on Accuracy 31 3.3.3.1 Accuracy/Trueness 31 3.3.3.2 Bias 31 3.3.3.3 Causes of Systematic Deviations 32 3.3.3.4 Effects on the Measurement 32 3.3.3.5 Determination of Systematic Deviations 32 3.3.3.6 Recovery Experiments 33 3.3.4 Gross Errors 33 3.3.4.1 Causes of Gross Errors 34 3.3.5 Uncertainty of Measurement Results 34 3.3.5.1 Standard Uncertainty of Single Measurements 34 3.3.5.2 Combined Uncertainty 35 3.3.5.3 Procedure for Determining the Combined Uncertainty 35 3.3.5.4 Rules for Uncertainty Propagation 37 3.3.5.5 Extended Uncertainty 38 3.3.6 Non-statistical Methods of Estimation 38 3.3.6.1 Tolerance 38 3.3.7 Expressing Analytical Results 39 3.3.7.1 Expressing the Measurement Uncertainty in the Value of a Quantity 39 3.3.7.2 Accordance with the National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce (NIST) 39 3.3.8 Signifi cant Figures -- "Box-and-Dot" Method 40 3.3.9 Outlier Tests 42 3.3.9.1 The 2.5 s Barrier 42 3.3.9.2 Test according to Grubbs 42 3.4 Regression 43 3.4.1 Regression Analysis 43 3.4.2 Calibration Function 43 3.4.3 The "Optimal" Trend Line 44 3.4.4 Linear Regression 45 3.4.4.1 Linearity 45 3.4.4.2 Statistical Information from Linear Regression 46 3.4.4.3 Analytical Sensitivity 46 3.4.4.4 Correlation Coeffi cient (R) 46 3.4.4.5 Coeffi cient of Determination (R2) 47 3.4.4.6 Regression Equation 47 4 The Analytical Process 53 4.1 The Analytical Process in the Overall Context 53 4.2 Planning Phase 55 4.2.1 Analytical Problem 55 4.2.2 Object of Investigation 56 4.2.3 Sample 56 4.2.4 Sampling 57 4.2.4.1 Types of Sampling 58 4.2.4.2 Sampling Errors 59 4.2.4.3 Sample Handling 60 4.2.4.4 Diffi culties of Sample Processing 60 4.2.5 Examination Procedures 61 4.2.6 Analyte 62 4.2.7 Literature and Database Research 62 4.2.7.1 Types of Chemical Literature 63 4.2.7.2 From the Question to the Document 63 4.2.7.3 From the Quotation to the Document 63 4.2.7.4 The Question of Topic 65 4.2.7.5 Science Citation Index Expanded 66 4.2.7.6 Scopus 66 4.2.7.7 Medline 66 4.2.7.8 Current Information 67 4.2.7.9 Specific Types of Documents Such As Norms and Patents 67 4.3 Analysis 67 4.3.1 Measurement 67 4.3.2 Method Optimization 68 4.3.3 Calibration 69 4.3.3.1 External Calibration 70 4.3.3.2 Internal Standard (IStd) 71 4.3.3.3 Standard Addition Method (Spiking Method) 71 4.3.3.4 One-Time Addition 71 4.3.3.5 Multiple Additions 72 4.3.3.6 Recovery Standard (RStd) 73 4.4 Assessment 74 4.4.1 Quantification 74 4.4.1.1 Traceability 74 4.4.2 ("True") Content 74 4.4.2.1 Terminology 75 4.5 Validation 75 4.5.1 Validation Elements 77 4.5.1.1 Selectivity/Specifi city 77 4.5.1.2 Working Range 78 4.5.1.