Includes bibliographical references and index.

Preface xvii Contributors xxi 1 Fundamentals of Biological Processes for Wastewater Treatment 1 Jianlong Wang 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Overview of Biological Wastewater Treatment, 2 1.2.1 The Objective of Biological Wastewater Treatment, 2 1.2.2 Roles of Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment, 3 1.2.3 Types of Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes, 4 1.3 Classification of Microorganisms, 4 1.3.1 By the Sources of Carbon and Energy, 4 1.3.2 By Temperature Range, 6 1.3.3 Microorganism Types in Biological Wastewater Treatment, 7 1.4 Some Important Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment, 8 1.4.1 Bacteria, 8 1.4.2 Fungi, 12 1.4.3 Algae, 15 1.4.4 Protozoans, 16 1.4.5 Rotifers and Crustaceans, 18 1.4.6 Viruses, 20 1.5 Measurement of Microbial Biomass, 21 1.5.1 Total Number of Microbial Cells, 21 1.5.2 Measurement of Viable Microbes on Solid Growth Media, 22 1.5.3 Measurement of Active Cells in Environmental Samples, 23 1.5.4 Determination of Cellular Biochemical Compounds, 24 1.5.5 Evaluation of Microbial Biodiversity by Molecular Techniques, 24 1.6 Microbial Nutrition, 24 1.6.1 Microbial Chemical Composition, 25 1.6.2 Macronutrients, 27 1.6.3 Micronutrients, 28 1.6.4 Growth Factor, 29 1.6.5 Microbial Empirical Formula, 31 1.7 Microbial Metabolism, 31 1.7.1 Catabolic Metabolic Pathways, 32 1.7.2 Anabolic Metabolic Pathway, 38 1.7.3 Biomass Synthesis Yields, 39 1.7.4 Coupling Energy-Synthesis Metabolism, 41 1.8 Functions of Biological Wastewater Treatment, 42 1.8.1 Aerobic Biological Oxidation, 42 1.8.2 Biological Nutrients Removal, 45 1.8.3 Anaerobic Biological Oxidation, 50 1.8.4 Biological Removal of Toxic Organic Compounds and Heavy Metals, 55 1.8.5 Removal of Pathogens and Parasites, 58 1.9 Activated Sludge Process, 59 1.9.1 Basic Process, 60 1.9.2 Microbiology of Activated Sludge, 61 1.9.3 Biochemistry of Activated Sludge, 66 1.9.4 Main Problems in the Activated Sludge Process, 67 1.10 Suspended- and Attached-Growth Processes, 69 1.10.1 Suspended-Growth Processes, 69 1.10.2 Attached-Growth Processes, 70 1.10.3 Hybrid Systems, 71 1.10.4 Comparison Between Suspended- and Attached-Growth Systems, 72 1.11 Sludge Production, Treatment and Disposal, 74 1.11.1 Sludge Production, 74 1.11.2 Sludge Treatment Processes, 76 1.11.3 Sludge Disposal and Application, 78 References, 79 2 Sludge Production: Quantification and Prediction for Urban Treatment Plants and Assessment of Strategies for Sludge Reduction 81 Mathieu Spe'randio, Etienne Paul, Yolaine Bessie're, and Yu Liu 2.1 Introduction, 81 2.2 Sludge Fractionation and Origin, 82 2.2.1 Sludge Composition, 82 2.2.2 Wastewater Characteristics, 83 2.3 Quantification of Excess Sludge Production, 88 2.3.1 Primary Treatment, 88 2.3.2 Activated Sludge Process, 90 2.3.3 Phosphorus Removal (Biological and Physicochemical), 97 2.4 Practical Evaluation of Sludge Production, 99 2.4.1 Sludge Production Yield Variability with Domestic Wastewater, 99 2.4.2 Influence of Sludge Age: Experimental Data Versus Models, 100 2.4.3 ISS Entrapment in the Sludge, 103 2.4.4 Example of Sludge Production for a Different Case Study, 104 2.5 Strategies for Excess Sludge Reduction, 106 2.5.1 Classification of Strategies, 106 2.5.2 Increasing the Sludge Age, 107 2.5.3 Model-Based Evaluation of Advanced ESR Strategies, 109 2.6 Conclusions, 111 2.7 Nomenclature, 112 References, 114 3 Characterization of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge 117 Etienne Paul, Xavier Lefebvre, Mathieu Sperandio, Dominique Lefebvre, and Yu Liu 3.1 Introduction, 117 3.2 Definitions, 119 3.3 Wastewater and Sludge Composition and Fractionation, 120 3.3.1 Wastewater COD Fractions, 121 3.3.2 WAS COD Fractions, 122 3.3.3 ADS Organic Fractions, 122 3.4 Physical Fractionation, 123 3.4.1 Physical State of Wastewater Organic Matter, 123 3.4.2 Methods for Physical Fractionation of Wastewater Components, 123 3.5 Biodegradation Assays for Wastewater and Sl

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